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| E | |
|---|---|
| E e | |
| (See below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0045, U+0065 |
| Alphabetical position | 5 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time catamenia | c. 700 BC to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (Run across beneath) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | ee |
E, or due east, is the fifth alphabetic character and the second vowel letter in the mod English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its proper name in English language is e (pronounced ); plural ees,[1] Es or East's.[2] It is the virtually commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German language, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Castilian, and Swedish. [iii] [four] [5] [6] [seven]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph qʼ | Proto-Sinaitic | Proto-Canaanite hillul | Phoenician He | Etruscan East | Greek Epsilon | Latin/ Cyrillic East |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Latin alphabetic character 'Eastward' differs little from its source, the Greek letter of the alphabet epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human effigy (hillul 'jubilation'), and was virtually likely based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a unlike pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to correspond /due east/. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.
Use in writing systems
Pronunciation of the proper noun of the letter ⟨eastward⟩ in European languages
English
Although Middle English spelling used ⟨east⟩ to represent long and short /e/, the Great Vowel Shift inverse long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while brusque /ɛ/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the cease of words like queue.
Other languages
In the orthography of many languages it represents either [east], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such equally a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (equally: ⟨east ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩) to point contrasts. Less unremarkably, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-primal vowel /ə/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in German.
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨e⟩ for the close-mid forepart unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.
Nigh common letter
'E' is the almost common (or highest-frequency) alphabetic character in the English linguistic communication alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and information compression. In the story "The Gold-Bug" past Edgar Allan Poe, a character figures out a random character lawmaking past remembering that the most used letter in English is E. This makes information technology a hard and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least function of Wright's narrative issues were acquired past language limitations imposed by the lack of East."[8] Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered meliorate works.[9]
- Due east with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ[10]
- ⱸ : East with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[11]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
- The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel alphabetic character in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or forepart vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but majuscule forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɛ ɛ : Latin alphabetic character epsilon / open due east, which represents an open-mid forepart unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶓ : Epsilon / open up e with retroflex hook[10]
- Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open east, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ɝ : Latin small letter reversed epsilon / open up e with hook, which represents a rhotacized open-mid central vowel in the IPA
- ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open up e with retroflex claw[10]
- ᶟ : Modifier letter pocket-sized reversed epsilon / open e[10]
- ɞ : Latin small letter airtight reversed open up e, which represents an open-mid central rounded vowel in IPA (shown every bit ʚ on the 1993 IPA chart)
- Ə ə : Latin letter of the alphabet schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
- Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
- ɘ : Latin alphabetic character reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
- The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open e:[12]
- U+1D07 ᴇ LATIN LETTER Small Uppercase E
- U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OPEN Due east
- U+1D31 ᴱ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL East
- U+1D32 ᴲ MODIFIER Alphabetic character Capital letter REVERSED E
- U+1D49 ᵉ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL E
- U+1D4B ᵋ MODIFIER LETTER Small-scale Open East
- U+1D4C ᵌ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED OPEN East
- U+2C7B ⱻ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED E [13]
- e : Subscript small e is used in Indo-European studies[14]
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription organisation symbols related to Due east:[15]
- U+AB32 ꬲ LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER Due east
- U+AB33 ꬳ LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED East
- U+AB34 ꬴ LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH FLOURISH
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
- Є є : Ukrainian Ye
- Э э : Cyrillic letter East
- Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
- 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin E
- ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is perchance a descendant of Old Italic Eastward
- 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- € : Euro sign.
- ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for auction inside the Eu).
- e : the symbol for the elementary accuse (the electric charge carried by a unmarried proton)
- ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "there exists ... such that".
- ∈ : the symbol for set membership in set theory.
- 𝑒 : the base of the natural logarithm.
Code points
| Preview | E | e | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Capital LETTER E | LATIN SMALL LETTER E | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 69 | U+0045 | 101 | U+0065 |
| UTF-viii | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
| Numeric character reference | E | E | e | e |
| EBCDIC family unit | 197 | C5 | 133 | 85 |
| ASCII i | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
- ane Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
In British Sign Language (BSL), the alphabetic character 'due east' is signed by extending the index finger of the correct manus touching the tip of index on the left mitt, with all fingers of left hand open.
Use as a number
In the hexadecimal (base of operations 16) numbering system, E is a number that corresponds to the number fourteen in decimal (base ten) counting.
References
- ^ "E" a letter Merriam-Webster'due south Third New International Dictionary of the English language Unabridged (1993). Ees is the plural of the name of the letter; the plural of the alphabetic character itself is rendered Eastward'due south, Es, e'south, or es.
- ^ "E". Oxford Dictionary of English language (third ed.). Oxford University Printing. 2010. ISBN9780199571123.
noun (plural Es or E's)
- ^ Kelk, Brian. "Letter of the alphabet frequencies". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-02 .
- ^ Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Letters in Full general English Plainly text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Central Higher. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in Spanish". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-xi. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in High german". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Dance: Recreational Give-and-take Play. New York: St. Martin's Press (1996): 3
- ^ Eckler (1996): 3. Perec's novel "was and then well written that at least some reviewers never realized the existence of a letter constraint."
- ^ a b c d Lawman, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-nineteen. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding iii Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-xi. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/eleven-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
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